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Polish Research on the Social Topography of Towns in the Pre-Industrial Era

Information about the author: Professor, historian, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Institute of History and Archival Sciences, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0105-0005 

Abstract: The goal of this paper is to present an outline of the history and the most significant results of the Polish research on the social topography of towns in the pre-industrial era. In the first part of the paper the author analyses the international research context, emphasising the intense development of research focusing on the social topography of German towns carried out in the 1970s and the 1980s which also resulted in the emergence of interdisciplinary methodological studies by Dietrich Denecke and Rolf Hammel-Kiesow. The involvement of Polish historians in the research projects carried out by the Commission Internationale pour l’Histoire des Villes stimulated the emergence of social topography studies in Poland. These issues were addressed for the first time at a conference organized in Torun in 1974. The peak of Polish studies on the social topography of towns in the pre-industrial era fell in the 1990s and in the early 2000s. Polish scholars were mostly interested in larger cities (e.g. Toruń, Elbląg, Poznań and Wrocław) and medium-sized towns, such as Sieradz, Chełmno, Świdnica, and Grodno. From the 1980s onward, we can observe a major development in terms of research methodology, which is reflected in the extension of the catalogue of social attributes and the precision of their location within the urban space, as well as in the inclusion of data acquired from archaeological and urban development studies in the analysis. The standard research procedure which has been in use since the 1990s is narrowing down the scope of research to the level of a specific plot of land, or a specific house. In the present comparative analysis which embraces the results of social topography research to date the author focuses on the models of distribution of characteristics of professional and social status within urban space, and on the conditions of the social evaluation of space.

Keywords: history of towns, urban space, social structure, cartography, the Middle Ages, the Early Modern Period

doi.org/10.32030/KRZY.2022.01

Social Topography of Kraków 1257–1939. A Research Programme Launched by the Museum of Kraków: Its Genesis, Scope and Perspectives

Information about the author: PhD, historian, Collections Curator at the Museum of Kraków, Director of the Museum of Kraków, lecturer at the Institute of History and Archival Studies at the Pedagogical University of Kraków, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2340-0018 

Abstract: The paper introduces a new research programme dedicated to the social topography of Kraków which has recently been included in the Museum of Kraków’s research activity plans. The text attempts to explain why a museum, i.e. an organization whose research work traditionally focuses on its collections, enters a research domain which is primarily associated with academic institutions. This decision results from two circumstances. Firstly, in the light of the new constitutive acts for museums worldwide, and especially in the light of the new definition of a museum approved by ICOM on 24 August 2022 in Prague, we witness a clear turn in museums’ activities from focusing strictly on collections towards granting primary position to the audience. The new research programme – as the name itself implies – introduces the social context into the realm of our reflection upon the city, and the very recognition of this aspect should be considered to be a key, contemporary goal in the activity of museums. Secondly, contemporary research projects on social topography which cause a significant turmoil in the academic discourse on cities are almost entirely based on written sources, losing sight of the heritage of material culture which is usually placed at the disposal of museums. Underlying the decision to launch a new research programme at the Museum of Kraków which will last for a number of years are both of the arguments listed above.

Keywords: Kraków, research, museum, museologist, social topography, city, catalogue

doi.org/10.32030/KRZY.2022.02

Grodzka Street in Kraków in 1900. Introduction to Social Topography Research

Information about the author: PhD, historian, Collections Curator at the Museum of Kraków, Hipolit House, a branch of the Museum of Kraków, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-9372 

Abstract: The paper attempts to address the topic of social topography of Grodzka Street in the year 1900. Historiography offers very few works in this field dedicated to specific streets or districts of Kraków in the 19th and the 20th centuries. Thus, the present text represents a valuable contribution to further research focusing on the historical reconstruction of the city’s spatial layout and its population which will enable us to discover the maximum number of social features of the urban space and its valorization, and to observe the changes taking place in the city’s natural and cultural landscape. In this case, the subject of the study are the residents of one of the city’s major streets at a specific historical moment. The focus is mainly on the social and professional structure of the local community, and not on the features and the changing character of the buildings. So, who was a typical resident of Grodzka Street? Female – a Roman Catholic who came from Kraków or one of the nearby towns and villages (within a several dozen kilometres radius from the city), a married housewife, or a single woman working as a servant or in the trade and services sector. Male – single, Roman Catholic, professionally associated with crafts or commerce, a native Cracovian or a migrant from one of the nearby towns and villages within a several dozen kilometres radius from the city. The paper also examines commercial enterprises and crafts businesses located in the discussed street. A strict specialization has been observed among the many crafts and commercial establishments in Grodzka Street: the most numerous were clothing, accessories and shoe shops, fabric and fur warehouses, and tailor’s shops. Moreover, the closer to the Main Market Square, the more luxury goods stores, such as jeweller’s, watchmaker’s and top quality garment retail stores one would find, and the closer to the district of Stradom, the more mechanical shops, building materials warehouses, ironmonger’s and grocer’s shops, as well as stores offering small household items (known as Nuremberg commodities) one would encounter.

Keywords: social topography, Grodzka Street, tenement house, owner, resident, merchant, craftsman, shop, enterprise

doi.org/10.32030/KRZY.2022.03

Nowy Square in Kraków’s Kazimierz: an Overview of the Square’s History from the 14th to the 20th Century

Information about the author: PhD, art historian and historian, Associate Professor at the Pontifical University of John Paul II in Kraków, lecturer at Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts in Kraków, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7022-999X 

Abstract: The present-day shape of plac Nowy [lit. New Square], formed on the two-dimensional scale around 1873, and on the three-dimensional scale – with its high-rise buildings featuring in the frontages and the rotunda (Okrąglak) at the centre – at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century is the ultimate outcome of transformations spanning many centuries. The urban layout of Kazimierz delineated as a result of the town’s formal establishment under Magdeburg Law in 1335 played a crucial role in this process. Equally important was the incorporation of the village of Bawół into the town (1340), and the construction of the defensive wall whose course determined the location of the north frontage of the present-day square. The development of the land stretching between the plots on the north side of what is today known as Józefa Street (originally called Sukiennicza Street, and later renamed Żydowska Street around the late 15th or the early 16th century) resulted in the introduction of a number of new functions and facilities at the twilight of the Middle Ages and in the early decades of the Early Modern Period, e.g. the gold smelter run by the Kraków Goldsmiths Guild known as the gold mill (huta) located on the site currently occupied by the Centre for Jewish Culture at 17 Meiselsa Street / Nowy Square), and the manor house owned by the Jordan family which stood in the vicinity of today’s 3 Nowy Square (in the south frontage), together with a garden covering the west section of today’s square. The location of the square’s west frontage was determined by the course of the sewer collecting waste from the Monastery of Canons Regular of the Lateran and the adjacent houses which fed into the old channel of the Vistula River, outside the city’s defensive wall. Another important milestone was the incorporation of the discussed area into Kazimierz’s Jewish Town as part of its final expansion completed in 1608. The local Latin name which was then introduced – area nova Iudaeorum – was eventually to be partially preserved in the square’s present-day name. The said area was considered as development reserve for the wooden houses constructed by the less affluent residents which were preserved up until the 19th century and documented in archival street plans and the drawings produced by Kraków artists. The era of the Free City of Kraków (1815–1846) saw the creation of modern urban development plans which proposed (in vain) the liquidation of old wooden structures and their replacement by new, brick houses. These urban planning concepts were eventually executed in the era of the autonomy of Galicia (1867–1918) in the form of the abovementioned developments that took place in 1873 and at the turn of the 20th century. The tragedy of the Holocaust brought about a complete change of the social character of Kraków’s former Jewish quarter. The old, historical architecture in this area has survived in a much better shape than at the nearby Kupa Street. Thus, the unique atmosphere of this enclave whose tradition has been kept alive by the aforementioned Centre for Jewish Culture located at the former B’nei Emuna Beit ha-midrash has not been lost. The old, unoffcial name of Nowy Square: plac Żydowski (lit. Jewish Square) is still in use among the neighbourhood’s elderly residents. Today, cultivating this tradition and keeping this memory alive is a challenge we face in the realm of non-material cultural values, which seems even more important than preserving the site’s material historical substance.

Keywords: Kraków’s Kazimierz, Jewish Town, the Jordan manor in Kraków, urban planning regulations

doi.org/10.32030/KRZY.2022.04

The Removal of Communist Street Names. The First Wave of the Decommunization of Kraków’s Streets

Information about the author: MA in Economics, a councilor of Kraków’s District III Prądnik Czerwony, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4313-0633 

Abstract: The paper describes the process of the decommunization of Kraków’s public space carried out by the Kraków City Council of the first term of office (1990–1994). The councillors reinstated the original, prewar names of several dozen streets and removed over a hundred names glorifying persons, events and dates which had been significant for Communism and had been introduced into the city’s public space in the era of the Polish People’s Republic by Communist party-controlled local authorities. Despite the fact that the major initiators of these changes – city councillors, as well as other members of the Special Committee on Monuments, Plaques and Names of Streets, Squares and Bridges in Kraków, which had been established by the Kraków City Council on 6 July 1990 by passing resolution No. III/22/90 and operated until 31 December 1990 – performed an excellent, solid job, some minor mistakes had not been avoided. Some of these errors have since been corrected, yet others still exist. The article presents the chronology of events, the Committee’s behind-the-scenes activity, the mechanism of open debate with the local community, as well as the dilemmas that the councillors had to confront by selecting specific street names to be removed and proposing newones to replace them. The results of the Committee’s work can be seen until this day, the street names which were then reinstated are still used by local residents, and the Decommunization Law of 2016 only applied to about 7–10 cases in Kraków, which, given the total number of the city’s street names at the time (ca. 2.4 thousand), clearly demonstrates the massive scale of the work covered by the members of the said Committee and the councillors of the first term of office of Kraków’s reborn local government.

Keywords: decommunization of public space, changes of street names, Special Committee on Monuments, Plaques and Names of Streets, Squares and Bridges in Kraków, Kraków City Council of the first term of office (1990–1994), resolution, street names named after historical figures

doi.org/10.32030/KRZY.2022.05

A Previously Unknown Defensive Wall Surrounding a Portion of Kazimierz prior to Its Establishment under Magdeburg Law

Information about the author*: DEng, architect, Pracownia Badań Zabytków Architektury [Historical Architecture Research Studio], https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5770-4562 

Information about the author**: MEng, architect, Pracownia Badań Zabytków Architektury [Historical Architecture Research Studio], https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7070-4059 

Abstract: In the course of archaeological and architectural research conducted in the years 2019–2021 in connection with a road surface replacement project on Krakowska Street in Kraków at the intersection of this street with Rabina Meiselsa Street, during the uncovering of a section of Kazimierz’s defensive wall researchers came across an older wall running perpendicularly to it. The uncovered section of the wall, built from layered broken limestone, runs parallel to the frontage of Krakowska Street, underlying two thirds of the street’s width. The thickness of the wall is ca. 1.5 ell which provides indirect information about its height. The coping of the wall, uncovered on an almost sixty-metre-long stretch of the structure, continues further towards the south and the north-east, bending eastward in the north section, probably running parallel to the Old Vistula River channel. Stratigraphic relationships of the layered wall uncovered in the street and running perpendicularly to Kazimierz’s defensive wall clearly prove the dissimultaneity of these two walls’ construction. Kazimierz’s defensive wall stands at right angles to the wall discovered underneath what is today known as Krakowska Street, and the wall built higher in the structure runs across (and on top of) the other wall’s older coping, besides, the two walls differ in terms of choice of building material, its specific usage and construction technology. Therefore, the thesis has been proposed that the presently uncovered relics of the wall underneath Krakowska Street are in fact the surviving bottom part of the wall that used to encircle the town of Kazimierz from the west prior to its establishment under Magdeburg Law. The said wall is most likely the investment effect of the settlement unit that had originally existed in the discussed area and was later transformed following the parcelling out of land during the formal establishment of the town under Magdeburg Law in 1335. From the west, the discussed wall was built along the line of a section of an old trade route, the so-called salt way running through Wieliczka and Bochnia to Hungary. This section, later referred to as Krakowska Street, became the central axis of the town of Kazimierz at the time of its formal establishment under Magdeburg Law, and was used as a reference point during the marking out of the market square and the street grid, and the measuring up of the blocks of future building developments. The establishment of a settlement unit encompassed by a wall and located in the immediate vicinity of a trade route without incorporating a section of the route within the walls may tell a story of a well-thought-out and organized investment activity, unlike the processes we observe in natural, gradually evolving oval plans elsewhere. Issues such as the exact shape and location of the wall in its entirety, as well as the presence of a settlement unit in this area prior to the formal establishment of Kazimierz under Magdeburg Law in 1335 can be addressed by further archaeological research in the future.
The previously unknown, and recently discovered defensive wall dating back to the time before the town’s formal establishment under Magdeburg Law is an interesting testimony to the original plans and opportunities associated with the process of Kazimierz’s development. The latest finds verify what we have known so far about certain elements of the reconstructed situation and the shape of mediaeval Kazimierz in this particular area, for it had been established that the earlier settlements operating on the river island surrounded by the channels of the Vistula concentrated around the Church of SS Michael and Stanislaus at Skałka and St James the Apostle’s Church, as well as St Lawrence’s Church in the village of Bawół. There are no mentions about developments existing prior to the establishment of Kazimierz under Magdeburg Law in the discussed location in specialist literature on the subject.

Keywords: Kazimierz’s defensive wall, previously unknown wall existing prior to the city’s establishment under Magdeburg Law, layered wall, Krakowska Street, Rabina Meiselsa Street, archaeological and architectural research, Old Vistula River channel, 1335

doi.org/10.32030/KRZY.2022.06

Walery Maliszewski (1836–1885) – So Much More than a Photographer of Kraków

Information about the author: art historian, Collections Curator at the Museum of Kraków, Collections Inventory Manager, http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7370-2642 

Abstract: Walery Maliszewski (b. 27 January 1836 in Kraków, d. 30 May 1885 also in Kraków) was the son of Tomasz Maliszewski and Elżbieta Maliszewska, née Taroni. He started off as a confectioner, and then, probably in the early 1860s, his career shifted to photography. According to literature on the subject, Maliszewski worked as a daguerreotyper from 1848 onward, which is, obviously, misinformation. Another date which has been marked as the beginning of his photographic activity – 1856 – does not seem to be confirmed either. Many questions still remain unclear, such as his association with the “J. Maliszewski &Co” studio which operated in Kraków in the 1860s. Walery Maliszewski ran his atelier at 166 Nowy Świat St (currently 9 Straszewskiego St) from the second half of the 1860s at the latest. It was probably in 1870 that he moved his establishment to a new location at 430 Mały Rynek (currently at No. 7), where he co-ran his studio for a short period of time with a business partner by the name of Marceli Rzymkowski. By 1871 he was presumably running the studio solely under his own name, and by 1880 at the latest he relocated his business to 228 Szewska St (currently No 21). From 1869 onward he struggled to open a branch of his studio in Krynica; while this attempt proved unsuccessful, he had more luck in Iwonicz where his new studio operated probably from the 1870s to 1885. Maliszewski used the photographic process which was typical of his time, i.e. collodion negatives from which he produced albumen prints. He signed his works in the manner which was very common at that time, i.e. by lithographing his name, address and some ornaments at the back of the prints, as well as using other inscriptions and stamps. His workshop is most famous for photographs of Kraków which he executed mostly in the form of stereoscopic cards and in the carte de visite format. Maliszewski photographed Kraków’s Old Town, Wawel Castle, and, less frequently, Kazimierz or Zwierzyniec. Apart from typical views representing individual buildings, he would often also execute wider frames showing larger portions of the cityscape, such as a street, or a square. Some of the frames prove that capturing picturesqueness was perhaps more important to him than the strictly documentary qualities. Maliszewski also created portraits, as well as the so-called ‘ethnic (folk) types’ presenting the diversity of ethnic groups inhabiting the Kraków area, the Lemkos, the Rusyns, and the Romani. His oeuvre also included the photographic reproductions of Maksymilian Cercha’s works which were supposed to be published in the form of a picture album in 1868 – a project which, apparently, was never brought to fruition. Other creative projects included the photographic calendars for the years 1867 and 1868 designed as photomontages of a plethora of prints and pictures of Kraków. Photographs from Maliszewski’s studio were also used to compile similarly arranged collages: Pamiątka z Krakowa [Souvenir from Kraków] and Pamiątka z Krynicy [Souvenir from Krynica]. Apart from taking and developing pictures, Maliszewski also organized exhibitions of photographs brought from abroad, mostly those presenting sights from World’s Fairs. The first of these exhibitions was held in Kraków at the turn of 1867 and the beginning of 1868, and the last one took place in 1878 in Warsaw.

Keywords: Walery Maliszewski, history of photography, photography in Kraków

doi.org/10.32030/KRZY.2022.07

Kraków Solicitor Bolesław Rozmarynowicz (1891–1959) between Resistance and Adaptation – a Life of Ethical Dilemmas

Information about the author: PhD, historian, philosopher, public security studies graduate, author of academic books and papers, president of Stowarzyszenie Filmowe Trzeci Tor [Third Track Film Association], https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7211-1955 

Abstract: The paper discusses the life of a Kraków solicitor Bolesław Rozmarynowicz (1891–1959) spanning over a series of turning points in the history of Poland: from his student years spent at Galician schools that, while still operating under imperialist Austrian rule, retained a great degree of autonomy, to his active participation as a soldier fighting for Poland’s independence in World War One, to his involvement in the socio-political life of the Second Polish Republic, and finally, to his experience of both Nazi German and Soviet totalitarianisms. The figure of this representative of the Kraków intelligentsia epitomizes the experience of an entire generation who lived through a number of significant and dramatic moments both in their personal lives, and in the history of their nation and society. The author attempts to capture the protagonist’s attitude, conduct, opinions and world-view. This task is tackled by presenting his social, economic and political situation against a backdrop of Kraków in the interwar period, including the city’s problems, malfunctions, and the impact of national policy on the policy adopted by the local government which specific individuals would either embrace, or defy. It is within this context that the choices made by Rozmarynowicz are presented here. The author portrays the initial clash, and then the embroilment of society and individual people in the machinery of totalitarian states – specifically focusing on Rozmarynowicz’s experience of staying in prisons and being an inmate at the Auschwitz concentration camp, of finding the way to survive in these terribly harsh conditions. Finally, the paper explores the subject of the confrontation of the Christian outlook on life and the social teaching of the Catholic Church with the existing (and rapidly changing) socio-political and existential situation.

Keywords: Bolesław Rozmarynowicz, the legal profession, Kraków, Second Polish Republic, local government, politics, occupation, totalitarianism, World War Two, fascism, communism

doi.org/10.32030/KRZY.2022.08

The Museum of the Kraków University of Technology – Searching for One’s Identity

Information about the author*: Professor, DEng of civil engineering, Professor Emeritus at the Kraków University of Technology, Museum of the Kraków University of Technology, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1897-6506 

Information about the author**: MA, architecture archaeologist, Museum of the Kraków University of Technology, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5102-8343 

Abstract: The paper discusses the genesis of the Museum of the Kraków University of Technology and outlines the nineteen years of its history. By reaching into the shared, historical origins of museums and universities, the authors attempt to define the identity of this unit that belongs to the specific group of university museums which operate by combining the fields of natural sciences and the humanities. The account of the process of establishing the University seventy years ago as a result of the support provided by the academic community from which the Kraków University of Technology originated constitutes a significant part of the text. While being a city of science and art, Kraków is also a metropolis whose industrial tradition goes a long way back, which brings to the fore the social aspects of the acceptance of the Museum’s activity, both on the level of the university, and on the larger scale of the entire urban environment.

Keyword: Keywords: university museum, Kraków University of Technology, art, identity, technology, heritage, science, humanities, the City of Kraków, conflict of two cultures

doi.org/10.32030/KRZY.2022.09

Gothic Chalice from the Collection of the Museum of Kraków

Information about the author: MA, art historian, Assistant Curator at the Museum of Kraków, Department of the History and Art of Kraków in the Middle Ages, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0214-0264 

Abstract: The paper is an attempt at a characterization of a mediaeval chalice which has been a part of the collection of the Museum of Kraków since 1980. The liturgical vessel has not been studied in detail to date, and the information given on the inventory card has been annotated with a question mark. The author of the paper has managed to establish a few facts concerning the history of this item, as well as set it in a wider context. Thanks to the inscriptions on the reverse of the foot, it has been determined that originally the chalice was funded for a chapel in the church in Drewnica (possibly dedicated to the Holy Trinity), and later on it was moved to be stored at a different location, namely the protestant church in Bogatka (in the days of the Rev. Mateusz Müller). The vessel can also be identified as an example of Gothic goldsmithery from the region of Danzig Pomerania due to its simplified shape (a smooth foot, a bowl which is not enclosed in a basket, a flattened knop decorated with six rhomboid knobs bearing the inscription ihesus), and the style of decoration (lack of ornamentation, a schematic representation of the Holy Trinity of the Pietas Domini iconographic type). These features, as well as similarities to a chalice from Radzyń Chełmiński, enable us to date this museum item to the second quarter of the 15th century, closer to the middle of that century, and to associate its form with the patterns typical of the most modest kind of chalices made in Prussia.

Keywords: chalice, Gothic goldsmithery, foundation inscription, Mateusz Müller, Bogatka, Drewnica, Danzig Pomerania, Prussia, 15th century, Pietas Domini

doi.org/10.32030/KRZY.2022.10

Sybir and Siberia – Shaping Multidirectional Memory at the Sybir Memorial Museum

Information about the author: PhD, Associate Professor at UMCS, historian, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University (UMCS) in Lublin, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2682-748X

Keywords: Sybir, Siberian deportees, Siberia, deportations, repression, Poland’s Eastern Borderlands, experience, exhibition, Białystok, identity narrative, multidirectional memory, commemoration, memory

doi.org/10.32030/KRZY.2022.11

Dialogue Centre Upheavals in Szczecin – an Informative Museum?

Information about the author: PhD, historian, Collections Curator at the Museum of Kraków, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1033-0113 

Keyword: Upheavals, Szczecin, Solidarności Square, informative museum, group portrait of a city, identity, alienation, oral history, works of contemporary art

doi.org/10.32030/KRZY.2022.12

Kamila Follprecht, Karolina Zięba, Paweł Ząbczyński: Na drodze do współczesności. Archiwum Narodowe w Krakowie. Ludzie – miejsca – praca. 1878–2021 [On the road to contemporary times. The National Archives in Kraków. People – places – work. 1878–2021]. Kraków 2021, 341 pp.

Information about the author: PhD, historian, Pedagogical University of Kraków, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5578-9251

Keywords: National Archives in Kraków, state archives, history of archives, archival history, Kraków

doi.org/10.32030/KRZY.2022.13

A Museum of the Present? How Do You Tell the Story about the Here and Now in a Museum – the Współistnienie Project and Some Reflections upon Its Completion

Information about the author: historian and anthropologist of history, Senior Assistant Curator at the Museum of Kraków, Oskar Schindler’s Enamel Factory branch, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9875-8420

Abstract: The aim of the paper is to present a critical perspective on the Współistnienie [Coexistence] project carried out by the Museum of Kraków, and on the working methods involved in it. As a result of team effort, a temporary exhibition was prepared and presented at the Museum of Podgórze (a branch of the Museum of Kraków) from 1 July 2021 to 24 April 2022. The goal of the project was to describe the year of the COVID-19 pandemic by using the idiom of a museum exhibition, with the active participation of the local community – the Cracovians. The eponymous ‘museum of the present’ refers to the question about the role of museums in the discourse pertaining to the challenges which society faces on a daily basis, and the issue of tools available for cultural institutions to use in order to live up to that role. The case study of Współistnienie has been placed within a wider research frame of new museology, participation, and above all, the method which made the creation of the exhibition possible in the first place, namely rapid response collecting.

Keywords: rapid response collecting, participation, Współistnienie, museum of the present

doi.org/10.32030/KRZY.2022.14

The Chronicle of Activity of the Museum of Kraków in 2021

Information about the author: historian, Collections Curator at the Museum of Kraków, Deputy Program Director at the Museum of Kraków, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8460-0078

Keyword: modernization, Krzysztofory Palace, Krzysztofory anew – a Complete Museum, permanent exhibition, Kraków from the Beginning, without End, non-material heritage, new education offer

doi.org/10.32030/KRZY.2022.15